A branch of psychology concerned with physical environment is environmental psychology. One of its main concerns has been the psychological effects of living in noisy, polluted and crowded areas. People can adapt to a wide range of noise level, but unpredictable noise is much more disruptive than its predictability. Knowing that one can control noise diminishes the negative effects on performance. Chronic noise in the environment has been found to affect children’s hearing and performance, such as reading, mathematical skill and other academic related skill.
The psychological effects of crowding are revealed in the following studies:
- Among animals it can lead to aggression, abnormal behavior, physical disorders, infant neglect, and high mortality (Freedman, 1975)
- Autopsies of animals that have died after living in crowded conditions reveal signs prolonged stress (Christian, Flyger, Dawis, 1960)
- Population density was positively correlated to mental illness (Holingshead and Redlich; (1958) and to crime rates (1938)
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